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Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage across multiple organs. While the exact cause remains unclear, lupus is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, and environmental triggers such as infections, certain medications, or ultraviolet light exposure.

The disease presents with diverse symptoms including joint pain, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, kidney involvement, and neurological disturbances. The hallmark sign is the butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks, seen in many—but not all—patients.

Managing lupus requires long-term, individualized care. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, preventing flare-ups, and protecting organs. Common medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine, and immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or methotrexate. Newer biologic therapies, including belimumab, target specific pathways of the immune system to reduce disease activity.

Lifestyle adjustments also play an essential role. Patients are advised to avoid excessive sunlight, reduce stress, maintain a balanced diet, and get regular exercise. Routine monitoring of kidney function, blood tests, and imaging helps detect complications early.

Although lupus has no cure, effective management enables many patients to lead active, fulfilling lives. Advances in treatments and early diagnosis continue to improve outcomes, offering better control over flare-ups and long-term health.